Before declaring independence from Great Britain during the Revolutionary War, the 13 American colonies did not initially have a fully unified plan. While they shared growing frustrations over British rule, particularly regarding taxation without representation and other forms of political control, each colony had its own government and interests. Early resistance efforts were often fragmented, with colonies acting independently or in small groups.
However, as tensions escalated in the 1770s, the colonies began to coordinate more closely. The First Continental Congress met in 1774 to discuss their collective grievances and organize a response to British policies. While this gathering helped build unity, it primarily aimed to negotiate with Britain rather than seek independence. The situation changed after the battles of Lexington and Concord in 1775, which marked the start of open conflict. The Second Continental Congress convened that same year, serving as the colonies' wartime government.
Even then, not all colonies were ready for full independence. Many leaders hoped for reconciliation with Britain. It wasn't until mid-1776 that the idea of breaking away gained widespread support. Influential writings like Thomas Paine’s pamphlet Common Sense and continued British military actions pushed public opinion toward independence.
Finally, on July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was adopted, marking the colonies' formal break from Britain. While the colonies had come together by this point, their unity was still fragile, and their cooperation throughout the war required constant negotiation and compromise. Ultimately, the Revolutionary War forced the colonies to develop a stronger sense of shared purpose, laying the groundwork for the future United States.
